On the basis of what data is the history of the Earth divided into major stages? What other stages are they divided into?

The largest stages are CRYPTOSIS (hidden life), which lasted over 3000 million years
the next stage – PHANEROSIS (explicit life) – duration 560-570 million years

Further division
Cryptose is divided into ERAs – Archaea and Proterozoic (early life),
The Phanerozoic was divided into ERAs – Paleozoic (ancient life), Mesozoic (average life), Cenozoic (new life).

Further, the eras are divided into periods, periods into eras. Each segment has its own time frame.