Give a brief description of the modifications of the stem.

Stem modifications are divided into aboveground and underground.

Overground:

A kidney is an escape in a dormant or embryonic state.

A thorn is a lignified, shortened and pointed shoot at the end.

Claudium is a growing shoot capable of photosynthesis.

Tuberidium – The flattened part of the stem of orchids is designed to store water and nutrients.

Underground:

Rhizome is a shoot with a scaly film of leaves to protect against friction against the ground during reproduction.

Sotolon is an elongated thin shoot for reproduction.

The tuber is a shoot for storing nutrients during the dormant period.



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