How can the hardness of metals and alloys be increased?

The hardness of metals and alloys will increase from the addition of covalently bonded substances, carbides or nitrides. This is explained by the fact that nitrides and carbides have a crystal lattice similar to the atomic lattice like that of diamond.
As well as:
– the addition of alloying additives, from carbon and nickel for iron, to silicon.
– surface compaction of the material – from heat treatment by forging, cementation, nitriding to changing the structure of the material.



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