How did the Papal States come about?

The Lombards threatened the Pope. Previously, Byzantium helped to get rid of them, but since Rome quarreled with her because of her disrespect for the Roman faith and culture, it was necessary to look for another way to solve this situation. Peaceful negotiators and requests initially helped, but later this became impossible. Then Pepin the Short came to the rescue, because of the previously rendered service from the Pope. He, having made two campaigns against the Lagobarts and eventually defeating them, created a small state in Italy, where all power belonged to the popes themselves, therefore it was called the papal region, which also included Rome and its neighboring lands.