How did the political map of Europe change in the 19th century? What events underlie this process?

New independent states appeared on the map of Europe: Belgium, Greece, Germany, Italy, the French Republic, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, the Austrian Empire was transformed into Austria-Hungary.

The Grand Duchy of Finland appeared in 1809, and the Kingdom of Poland existed for a short time (15 years) until 1831. Both are part of the Russian Empire, but with broad rights.

The Papal States and the Kingdom of Sardinia disappeared from the map.

This process was based on the struggle for independence, national liberation struggle and revolutions.



One of the components of a person's success in our time is receiving modern high-quality education, mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for life in society. A person today needs to study almost all his life, mastering everything new and new, acquiring the necessary professional qualities.