How does the amount of heat received by the earth’s surface from the sun depend on the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays?

The sun’s rays, when passing through the atmosphere, lose some of their energy. Moreover, the longer this path of passage, the more energy is lost, and vice versa, less energy is lost on the shorter path.

When the sun is high above the horizon, its rays fall on the earth perpendicularly, pass a short path through the atmosphere, that is, do not scatter in it. As a result, they illuminate a smaller surface on the surface of the earth and heat it better. In the event that the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays decreases, in order to reach the earth’s surface, they have to travel a longer path and spend more energy on it. As a result, less energy is consumed per unit area of ​​the earth’s surface and the air temperature decreases.

Thus, the amount of heat received by the earth’s surface from the sun directly depends on the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays.