How does the nature of the underlying surface affect the properties of air masses?

Air has poor thermal conductivity, so the air is heated not from the sun, but from the surface of land or water. This is exactly what heats the Sun in a given place and is called the underlying surface. The temperature to which the underlying surface can heat up depends on many reasons: the amount of incoming heat (arrival), dissipation of solar radiation, reflection, costs of evaporation, terrestrial radiation, heat transfer to the lower air layers, heat transfer into the soil. At night, heat is consumed: heat is released from the air and from the soil, instead of evaporation – condensation, heat is absorbed by the earth’s surface. Now, if the heat balance, taking into account all of the above, is positive, then the temperature of the underlying surface rises, and if it is negative, then it decreases.
The vegetation cover shades the soil, thereby reducing the flow of heat to the soil in the daytime, and vice versa at night. In the north, in icy deserts, the amount of solar radiation is colossal, however.