How does water and molecules of various substances penetrate into the cell?

The cell has a cytoplasmic membrane, which contains proteins that act as pores. If the substance is suitable in size to the pore, then it can freely penetrate into the cell. Otherwise, two processes can occur: phagocytosis or pinocytosis. In the first, the cell captures solids, which are larger than the pores of the membrane, and absorbs them. In pinocytosis, the cell invades the cytoplasm and membrane so that water or other liquid is inside the cell.



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