In what ways do plants protect themselves from being eaten by animals?

In order to survive, plants need to have a means of protection from being eaten by animals. These factors of adaptation include the following:

– poisonous pigmentation – basically, these plants live in tropical latitudes and scare away animals with color;

– thorns, thorns – special outgrowths on various plant organs that mechanically injure the animal;

– bitter juice – the presence of bitter substances in the juice of a plant scares away animals;

– aroma – the content of substances in the pollen of plants, the smell of which “does not like” animals.