Japanese foreign policy in the 19th century.

Until 1854, Japan (the Tokugawa shogunate) pursued a policy of self-isolation from the outside world. There were no special foreign policy events during that period, except that trade with Holland went through an island near Nagasaki and in 1811-1813 there was a small conflict with the Russian Empire (“The Golovnin Incident”).

In 1854 it was concluded with the United States, and in 1855 – the first treaty with Russia (Treaty of Shimod), and since the 1860s, foreign policy has become more active, especially after the beginning of the reforms in 1868. Main events:

Treaty with Russia in 1875, the Kuril Islands were handed over to Japan in exchange for abandoning claims to Sakhalin.
War with China in 1894-1895, the first successful military conflict since the end of the 16th century.
Development of relations with Europe, for example, student exchange.