Similarities and differences in the development of Western European countries in the middle of the 19th century.

Common features:

The beginning of the industrial revolution, manual labor was gradually replaced by machine and machine tools.
The growth of trade, as well as the level of education and science (second scientific revolution).
Urban population growth, urbanization.
Population outflow to the Western Hemisphere, especially to the United States.
Participation in the colonial division of the world, England was the leader in the seizure of colonies.

Differences:

Germany and Italy in the middle of the 19th century had not yet developed as a single state, this happened by 1871, and in France or England, on the contrary.
There were revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, but in England there were none.