The influence of Byzantium, the empire of Charlemagne, the first Arab caliphates on medieval Europe.

The Frankish Empire arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century. It was one of those kingdoms that, among the barbarians, was able to preserve the Roman heritage – law, literature, Christianity. This state is considered a classic example of the development of feudal relations, all European states that emerged in the Middle Ages will only adopt the Frankish feudal system with benefits, feuds and peasant obligations.

The Franks played an important role in the revival of ancient knowledge, partly thanks to Christianity. Monks rewrote books, scholars wrote scientific treatises, theologians argued and resolved religious issues. This period was called the “Carolingian Revival”. It is directly related to Charlemagne – the founder of the Frankish Empire (800). It was this man who was able to fight off the Arabs at the Battle of Poitiers and restrain their further penetration into Europe. However, after his death, the empire was divided and continued to exist in the person of France, Germany and Italy. In fact, these boundaries were already formed then.

The Arabs in the early Middle Ages were the most prosperous civilization. They had excellent medicine, thanks to Islam, art developed rapidly (architecture, literature, writing), they were able to conquer Spain and dominated it until the 15th century.