The reasons for the emergence of cities in medieval Europe?

The cities of medieval Europe have different origins. Many of them arose “on the basis” of Roman cities (London, Paris), others were originally the residences of kings and high-ranking priests. But classical medieval cities as centers of craft and trade began to appear in the 9-11th century, primarily in Italy and in the south of France, where the traditions of international trade, including with the Arab world, were preserved. Further, in the 10-11 centuries, cities began to develop in Northern France, Germany and the Netherlands, where pre-capitalist relations were also actively developing, there was active trade, the first manufactories were created, etc. In addition, cities were salvation during wars and internecine strife. behind their walls, not only the townspeople, but also the inhabitants of the surrounding villages took refuge. And at the same time, the medieval city retained a strong connection with the village: many of the townspeople were engaged in gardening and gardening and grazing cattle outside the city walls.