The tiered structure of the oak forest.

The tiered structure of the oak forest. Layer: 1. Upper arboreal (large trees) 2. Second arboreal (small trees) 3. Shrub 4. Herbaceous 5. Ground

1.large perennial light-loving oaks and lindens
2. undersized and less light-loving pears, apple trees, maples
3. hazel, euonymus, viburnum, hawthorn
4.shrubs, half-shrubs, ferns, tree shoots, grasses
5.lichens, mosses, mushrooms, low grasses



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