The upper thin layer of the earth’s crust is fertile.

The layer is called “Fertile layer” or “soil”. The “fertile soil” option is also applicable and is used. Usually its depth does not exceed half a meter, depending on the region. There are different types of soil – ranging from black soil, red soil, brown fertile soil. Depending on the weather conditions, the soil layer may be very small and not formed (as in the tundra or in the mountains, on stone formations). The richest soils are the chernozem soils of Russia and Ukraine in the steppe zone between the Caucasus and the forest-steppe zone.