What achievements did the civilizations of the Middle Ages become famous for?

What achievements did the civilizations of the Middle Ages become famous for? Europe: Italy, England, France, Germany.

The Middle Ages of European countries are considered “dark”. This is a period of poor development in the field of science, medicine, culture. Also, in the Middle Ages, the spread of various diseases flourished, which destroyed entire cities. But there were also achievements. This is the development of industry, the introduction of machine tools to facilitate the work of people, the invention of the printing press, some advances in the study of human anatomy. The Middle Ages are also characterized by the wars of European countries. All these wars were mainly of a religious nature.