What additional factors, besides fragmentation, hindered the development of Italy?

We are talking about the period until the 1860s, the following factors can be considered a brake on the development of Italy:

General decline of the Catholic countries of Europe in the second half of the XVI-XVII centuries. If in the 15th century they were in the lead, then in the 17th century the Netherlands, Sweden, and England became the main leaders in technology, army and economy (especially from the 1650s). Italy has become more like Spain.
Population outflow and the factor of colonies. While other countries (the Netherlands) benefited from their creation in America, Africa and Asia, the Italian merchants remained mainly in the Mediterranean.