What are the main functions of the stem?

The stems are the main centerpiece of the plant and can be woody or herbaceous. Woody stems, for example in trees, do not bend easily and are covered with protective bark. Herbaceous stems are more flexible and green, while plants with herbaceous stems often die off in winter.

One of the three main functions of both woody and herbaceous stems is to transport water and nutrients from the roots of the plant to the leaves. Plant roots absorb water and then xylem and phloem, vascular tissues found throughout the stem move water and nutrients up the stem.

The stem also functions as the main supporting structure of the plant, keeping it upright so that the leaves can access sunlight and the flowers and fruits are kept intact.

Another function of the stems is to produce new plant tissue using specialized cells called meristems. These cells each year produce new tissue that helps the plant grow both vertically and horizontally.