What environmental problems are associated with open pit mining of iron ore or coal

What environmental problems are associated with open pit mining of iron ore or coal, with oil production in Western Siberia or in the north of the Caspian Sea? What measures should be taken to protect the environment?

Open pit mining of coal and ore is the most environmentally ineffective. With this method of extraction, a large area of ​​the earth’s surface is destroyed, thereby disrupting the vital activity of the natural community. Dumps of rocks are also piled on the surface, forming man-made mountains. Oil production is carried out mainly by the downhole method. Failure to comply with safety requirements can lead to environmental problems. They are especially acute in the case of oil leaks and spills. In the field of mining, it is necessary to abandon the open-pit mining method, to comply with safety requirements for the extraction of oil and gas.