What explains the growth of industrial production in the first half of the 19th century? What were its consequences?

The growth of industry in 1800-1850 was associated with the beginning of the industrial revolution and industrialization in a number of countries:
The introduction of machine tools began, the labor of machines began to replace the labor of people in manufactories.
The first railways appeared, they contributed not only to the growth of production of metal and coal, but to accelerate trade, as goods began to be transported faster.
Second scientific revolution.

Effects:
Deteriorating ecology.
Urban population growth.
The transformation of England into a “factory of the world”.
Strengthening the gap in the level of development between Europe and Asian countries (Persia, Ottoman Empire, Thailand, China).
The rise in living standards, the development of industry led to an increase in the output of goods.