What has changed in the life of European countries in the 14-15th century?

We are talking about the period from 1300 to 1500, the events were as follows:

The advent of book printing in the middle of the 15th century, it accelerated the preservation of information and its exchange, by the end of the century, printing houses appeared in almost all European countries.
In southwestern Europe, the Arab state of the Emirate of Granada ceased to exist.
New states, more centralized, appeared: France (England, on the contrary, lost possession on the continent), Spain (the union of Aragon and Castile), the Kalmar Union (Denmark, Sweden, Norway).
The era of great geographical discoveries began, at the end of the 15th century, in fact, only Spain (expeditions to the Caribbean) and Portugal (to India) took part in it.
The Turks appeared in the Balkans and were able to seize lands almost to the Danube.
There are more universities, cities, stone building, and the level of handicrafts and trade in general has increased.