What hindered the development of trade in medieval Europe, and what contributed to it?

The development of trade in medieval cities was facilitated by the emergence of surpluses. Also, trade was spreading due to the reduction of customs duties between states and hinterlands. Commodity circulation flourished in the countries due to the development of manufactories and craft workshops. Trade was hampered by robberies and taxes on the way to the fair. Also at this time there was the principle of “what has fallen, is gone.” Transport was undeveloped, so get from point to point. The merchants mainly used ships and other water transport.