What means did the European states use in the struggle for colonies? Do you agree with the opinion

What means did the European states use in the struggle for colonies? Do you agree with the opinion of modern historians who consider the discovery of America one of the most dramatic and controversial events in world history?

Most often, aggressive and military methods were used, when the local population was simply captured, partially exterminated and partially enslaved. In my opinion, the discovery of America is more dramatic for the local population at that time, part of which was destroyed by viruses unknown to them at that time, or simply killed by invaders. During the period of the development of America, not only local residents suffered, but also nature, due to the development of agriculture and cattle breeding.