What was common in the development of France, England and Spain in the second half of the 15th century?

Common was the desire for centralization. In France, these processes took place under Charles VIII and Louis XI. At the same time, printing houses, new universities (in Nantes and Barcelona), castles appeared, crafts developed and the number of the urban population grew.

In Spain, in the second half of the century, the Reconquista ended and the union of Aragon and Castile was concluded (in France, on the contrary, the annexation of Burgundy after the death of its duke).

In England, there was a difficult war of the Scarlet and White Roses for the right to the throne between Yorks and Lancaster, after which the rule of a new dynasty and increased centralization began.

General – all countries were Catholic.