When a deep-sea fish rises sharply from the water, its swim bladder can burst, why?

Because the pressure at depth in the water column is much greater than at the surface. Therefore, in order for the swim bladder to be equally inflated at great depths, it is necessary to inject gas into it under high pressure in order to compensate for the water pressure. On a sharp ascent, when the water pressure weakens, the pressure in the ball will correspond to the water pressure at depth, and it will burst. When the fish emerges, it gradually reduces the gas pressure in the ball so that it is compensated for exactly the pressure that the water exerts at a certain depth.