Where and when did the states-general in France and the Cortes in Spain appear?

The states-general in France appeared in 1302. They were an estate-representative institution. The states appeared during the conflict between Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface 8, and the factors of urban growth, exacerbation of social contradictions and class struggle played a large role in their appearance. The states-general were responsible for taxes in the country. The states-general sought to actively govern the country, but there was no unity between the cities and there was enmity with the nobility.

The Cortes in Spain are elective assemblies. Began to be mentioned for the first time in the 12th century. They are needed in order to secure the support of citizens in military operations and state affairs, to create contacts between the clergy and the common people.