Socio-economic preconditions The socio-economic prerequisites for the emergence of Darwin’s evolutionary theory are associated with the rapid development of capitalism in England, which led to the growth of

Mutations are abrupt and persistent changes in traits that are inherited. All mutations have the following properties: come on suddenly; arise in individual individuals; can be recessive or

The cause of combinative variability is the formation of new combinations of existing genes. Combinative variability is based on three processes: exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes (crossing

Phenotypic (non-hereditary) variability arises under the influence of environmental factors and does not affect the genotype. The following types of phenotypic variability are distinguished: modifications, morphoses, and phenocopies.

One of the most important properties of living organisms is the ability to change signs depending on environmental conditions. Variability is the emergence of individual differences between individuals

Under certain conditions, the population is in a state of genetic equilibrium, that is, its gene pool does not change from generation to generation. This is the equilibrium

A population is a group of freely interbreeding organisms of the same species, which for a long time live in a certain area apart from other representatives of

The main structural unit in the taxonomy of living organisms is the species. The concept of “species” as a category underlying taxonomy was first introduced at the end

Criteria are signs by which individuals of one species differ from individuals of other species. The main criteria are morphological, physiological, genetic, biochemical, ecological, geographical and historical. The

None of the species criteria are absolute and universal. Each has a relative character and cannot be used as the only one to determine the belonging of an